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<title>Poleaxe</title>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several variant spellings redirect here. See also <a href="List_of_Gladiators_UK_events#Pole-Axe" title="List of Gladiators UK events">List of Gladiators UK events#Pole-Axe</a></div>

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<p>The <b>poleaxe</b> (also <b>poleax</b>, <b>pollaxe</b> and other similar spellings) is a <a href="Europe" title="Europe">European</a> <a href="Polearm" title="Polearm">polearm</a> that was used by <a href="Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">medieval</a> <a href="Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>

<p>Most etymological authorities consider the <i>poll</i>- prefix historically unrelated to "pole", instead meaning "head".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some etymologists, including <a href="Eric_Partridge" title="Eric Partridge">Eric Partridge</a>, believe that the word is derived from "pole".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_construction_of_the_poleaxe">The construction of the poleaxe</h2></div>

<p>The poleaxe design arose from the need to breach the plate <a href="Armour" title="Armour">armour</a> of <a href="Man-at-arms" title="Man-at-arms">men at arms</a> during the 14th and 15th centuries. Generally, the form consisted of a wooden <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/haft" class="extiw external" title="wikt:haft">haft</a> some 1.5–2 m (4.9–6.6 ft) long, mounted with a steel head. It seems most schools of combat suggested a haft length comparable to the height of the wielder, but in some cases hafts appear to have been created up to 2.5 m (8.2 ft) in length.

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<p>The design of the head varied greatly with a variety of interchangeable parts and rivets. Generally, the head bore an <a href="Battle_axe" title="Battle axe">axe head</a> or <a href="War_hammer" title="War hammer">hammer head</a> mounted on ash or other hard-wood shafts from 4–6 ft in length, with a spike, hammer, or fluke on the reverse.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, there was a spike or spear head projecting from the end of the shaft which was often square in cross section, sometimes referred to as the "dague dessous".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head was attached to the squared-off wooden pole by long flat strips of metal, called <i>langets</i>, which were riveted in place on either two or four of its sides to reinforce the pole against being chopped through in combat.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A round hilt-like disc called a <i>rondelle</i> was placed just below the head. They also appear to have borne one or two rings along the pole's length as places to prevent hands from slipping. Also of note is that the butt end of the staff, opposite the weapon's head, bore a spike or shoe.

</p><p>On quick glance, the poleaxe is often confused with the similar-looking <a href="Halberd" title="Halberd">halberd</a>. While they may have both been designed for hacking and piercing through armor plates, the axe blade on a poleaxe seems to have been consistently smaller than that of a halberd. A smaller head concentrates the <a href="Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> of the blow on a smaller area, enabling the impact to defeat armour, while broader halberd heads are better against opponents with less mail or plate armour. Furthermore, many halberds had their heads forged as a single piece, while the poleaxe was typically modular in design.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fighting_with_poleaxe">Fighting with poleaxe</h2></div>

<p>The poleaxe was used by <a href="Knight" title="Knight">knights</a> and other men-at-arms (both noble and non-noble) in chivalric duels for prestige, to settle disputes in judicial duels, and of course on the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a close range weapon that required ones full body strength and both hands to wield effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poleaxe has a sophisticated fighting technique, which is based on <a href="Quarterstaff" title="Quarterstaff">quarterstaff</a> fighting. The blade of the poleaxe can be used, not only for simply hacking down the opponent, but also for tripping him, disarming him and blocking his blows. Both the head spike and butt spike can be used for thrusting attacks. The shaft itself is also a central part of the weapon, able to block the enemy's blows (the langets helping to reinforce the shaft), hit and push with the shaft held in both hands, or trip the opponent. The poleaxe's devastating efficiency is the origin of the term “to be poleaxed”, which dates from the 15th century when captives were often slain using poleaxe-blows to the head, and is now used to describe one being attacked or beat down in a brutal way, as if with a poleaxe.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Many treatises on poleaxe fighting survive from the 15th and 16th centuries. Poleaxe fighting techniques have been rediscovered with the increasing interest in <a href="Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">historical European martial arts</a>.

</p><p>Today the poleaxe is a weapon of choice of many medieval re-enactors. Rubber poleaxe heads designed for safe combat are available commercially.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_language">Use in language</h2></div>

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<ul><li>An ax having both a blade and a hammer face; used to slaughter cattle.</li>

<li>(historical) A long-handled battle axe, being a combination of ax, hammer and pike.</li></ul>

<p>As a <a href="Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive verb</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li>(transitive) To fell someone with, or as if with, a poleaxe.</li>

<li>(transitive, figurative) To astonish; to shock or surprise utterly.</li>

<li>(transitive, figurative) To stymie, thwart, cripple, paralyze.</li></ul>

<ul><li><i><a href="Bec_de_corbin" title="Bec de corbin">Bec de corbin</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Bill_(weapon)" title="Bill (weapon)">Bill (weapon)</a></li>

<li><a href="War_hammer" title="War hammer">War hammer</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<p><b>Notes</b>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> gives the following etymology, s.v. <b>Poleaxe</b>:

<dl><dd>[ME. <i>pollax</i>, <i>polax</i>, Sc. <i>powax</i> = MDu. <i>polaex</i>, <i>pollaex</i>, MLG. and LG. <i>polexe</i>, <i>pollexe</i> (whence MSw. 15th c. <i>polyxe</i>, <i>pulyxe</i>, MDa. <i>polöxe</i>), f. <i>pol</i>, <a href="Head" title="Head">POLL</a> n.1, Sc. <i>pow</i>, MDu., MLG. <i>polle</i>, <i>pol</i> head + <a href="Axe" title="Axe">AXE</a>: cf. MDu. <i>polhamer</i> = poll-hammer, also a weapon of war. It does not appear whether the combination denoted an axe with a special kind of head, or one for cutting off or splitting the head of an enemy.They were especially used for fighting Mounted infantry. In the 16th c. the word began to be written by some <i>pole-axe</i> (which after 1625 became the usual spelling), as if an axe upon a <i>pole</i> or long handle. This may have been connected with the rise of sense 2. Similarly, mod.Sw. <i>pålyxa</i> and Westphalian dial. <i>pålexe</i> have their first element = pole. Sense 3 may be a substitute for the earlier <i>bole-axe</i>, which was applied to a butcher's axe.]</dd></dl>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFWise,_TerenceEmbleton,_G.A.1983" class="citation book cs1">Wise, Terence; Embleton, G.A. (1983). <i>The Wars of the Roses</i>. Men at Arms. Vol. 145. Osprey. p. 33. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-85045-520-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For instance, Partridge gives the following etymology:

<dl><dd>L <i>Palus</i>, stake becomes OE <i>pal</i>, whence ME <i>pol</i>, <i>pole</i>, E <i>Pole</i>, the ME cpd <i>pollax</i>, <i>polax</i> becomes <i>poleaxe</i>, AE <i>poleaxe</i>: cf AX (E)</dd></dl>

</span></li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2015" class="citation journal cs1">Price, Brian R. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48578454">"The poleaxe: The changing face of warfare"</a>. <i>Medieval Warfare</i>. <b>5</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">36–</span>38. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2211-5129">2211-5129</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48578454">48578454</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/26720"><i>Pollaxe</i></a>, c. 1450<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-08</span></span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224075215/http://medieval.stormthecastle.com/armorypages/polearms/poleaxe.htm">"The Poleaxe"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medieval.stormthecastle.com/armorypages/polearms/poleaxe.htm">the original</a> on 2021-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-21</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDeluz2017" class="citation journal cs1">Deluz, Vincent (May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316529945">"Le Jeu de la Hache: A Critical edition and dating discussion"</a>. <i>Acta Periodica Duellatorum</i> – via ResearchGate.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2021" class="citation journal cs1">Price, Brian (August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1041248442">"THE MARTIAL ARTS OF MEDIEVAL EUROPE"</a>. <i>University of North Texas ProQuest Dissertations & Theses</i>: 169. <a href="ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1041248442">1041248442</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/poleax">"Definition of POLEAX"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-09</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/poleaxe#Noun">"Poleaxe"</a>. 20 March 2023.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/poleaxe#Verb">"Poleaxe"</a>. 20 March 2023.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<p><b>Further reading</b>

</p>

<ul><li>Schulze, André (ed.): <i>Mittelalterliche Kampfesweisen</i>. Band 2: Kriegshammer, Schild und Kolben. Mainz am Rhein: Zabern, 2007. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3-8053-3736-1</bdi></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Poleaxes" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Poleaxes">Poleaxes</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thearma.org/spotlight/lejeudelahache.htm"><i>Le Jeu de la Hache</i></a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myarmoury.com/feature_spot_poleaxe.html">Spotlight: The Medieval Poleaxe</a> (myArmoury.com article)</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Polearms1619" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Polearm" title="Polearm">Polearms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ahlspiess" title="Ahlspiess">Ahlspiess</a></li>

<li><a href="Atgeir" title="Atgeir">Atgeir</a></li>

<li><a href="Bardiche" title="Bardiche">Bardiche</a></li>

<li><a href="Bec_de_corbin" title="Bec de corbin">Bec de corbin</a></li>

<li><a href="Bear_spear" title="Bear spear">Bear spear</a></li>

<li><a href="Boar_spear" title="Boar spear">Boar spear</a></li>

<li><a href="Bohemian_earspoon" title="Bohemian earspoon">Bohemian earspoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Brandistock" title="Brandistock">Brandistock</a></li>

<li><a href="Brogit_staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Brogit staff">Brogit staff</a></li>

<li><a href="Corseque" title="Corseque">Corseque</a></li>

<li><a href="Doloire" title="Doloire">Doloire</a></li>

<li><a href="Fauchard" title="Fauchard">Fauchard</a></li>

<li><a href="Glaive" title="Glaive">Glaive</a></li>

<li><a href="Goedendag" title="Goedendag">Goedendag</a></li>

<li><a href="Guisarme" title="Guisarme">Guisarme</a></li>

<li><a href="Halberd" title="Halberd">Halberd</a></li>

<li><a href="Hasta_(spear)" title="Hasta (spear)">Hasta</a></li>

<li><a href="Javelin" title="Javelin">Javelin</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeddart_staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeddart staff">Jeddart staff</a></li>

<li><a href="Kontos_(weapon)" title="Kontos (weapon)">Kontos</a></li>

<li><a href="Lance" title="Lance">Lance</a></li>

<li><a href="Lochaber_axe" title="Lochaber axe">Lochaber axe</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucerne_hammer" title="Lucerne hammer">Lucerne hammer</a></li>

<li><a href="Man_catcher" title="Man catcher">Man catcher</a></li>

<li><a href="Menaulion" title="Menaulion">Menaulion</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_fork" title="Military fork">Military fork</a></li>

<li><a href="Ox_tongue_spear" title="Ox tongue spear">Ox tongue spear</a></li>

<li><a href="Partisan_(weapon)" title="Partisan (weapon)">Partisan</a></li>

<li><a href="Plan%C3%A7on_%C3%A0_picot" title="Plançon à picot">Plançon à picot</a></li>

<li><a href="Pollaxe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollaxe">Pollaxe</a></li>

<li><a href="Quarterstaff" title="Quarterstaff">Quarterstaff</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranseur" title="Ranseur">Ranseur</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhomphaia" title="Rhomphaia">Rhomphaia</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li>

<li><a href="Scottish_halberd" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish halberd">Scottish halberd</a></li>

<li><a href="Sovnya" title="Sovnya">Sovnya</a></li>

<li><a href="Sparth_axe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sparth axe">Sparth axe</a></li>

<li><a href="Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a></li>

<li><a href="Spetum" title="Spetum">Spetum</a></li>

<li><a href="Spontoon" title="Spontoon">Spontoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Swordstaff" title="Swordstaff">Swordstaff</a></li>

<li><a href="Trident" title="Trident">Trident</a></li>

<li><a href="Viking_halberd" title="Viking halberd">Viking halberd</a></li>

<li><a href="Voulge" title="Voulge">Voulge</a></li>

<li><a href="War_scythe" title="War scythe">War scythe</a></li>

<li><a href="Welsh_hook" title="Welsh hook">Welsh hook</a></li>

<li><a href="Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arbir" title="Arbir">Arbir</a></li>

<li><a href="Bambu_runcing" title="Bambu runcing">Bambu runcing</a></li>

<li><a href="Barcha" title="Barcha">Barcha</a></li>

<li><a href="Bisento" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisento">Bisento</a></li>

<li><a href="Dagger-axe" title="Dagger-axe">Dagger-axe</a></li>

<li><a href="Dangpa" title="Dangpa">Dangpa</a></li>

<li><a href="Fangtian_ji" class="mw-redirect" title="Fangtian ji">Fangtian ji</a></li>

<li><a href="Gichang" title="Gichang">Gichang</a></li>

<li><a href="Guandao" title="Guandao">Guandao</a></li>

<li><a href="Nagamaki" title="Nagamaki">Nagamaki</a></li>

<li><a href="Naginata" title="Naginata">Naginata</a></li>

<li><a href="Podao" title="Podao">Podao</a></li>

<li><a href="Qiang_(spear)" title="Qiang (spear)">Qiang</a></li>

<li><a href="Sasumata" title="Sasumata">Sasumata</a></li>

<li><a href="Sibat" title="Sibat">Sibat</a></li>

<li><a href="Sodegarami" title="Sodegarami">Sodegarami</a></li>

<li><a href="Sovnya" title="Sovnya">Sovnya</a></li>

<li><a href="Sugob" title="Sugob">Sugob</a></li>

<li><a href="Sumpit" title="Sumpit">Sumpit</a></li>

<li><a href="Tabar_(axe)" title="Tabar (axe)">Tabar</a></li>

<li><a href="Torimono_sand%C5%8Dgu" title="Torimono sandōgu">Torimono sandōgu</a></li>

<li><a href="Trishula" title="Trishula">Trishula</a></li>

<li><a href="Tsukub%C5%8D" title="Tsukubō">Tsukubō</a></li>

<li><a href="Woldo" title="Woldo">Woldo</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-23" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Poleaxe&oldid=1291761442">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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